When was planet earth formed, how many years ago? When and how was the earth formed?

For many centuries, people have been interested in the question of the origin of the Universe and, in particular, our planet - the Earth. Have you ever thought about where everything that surrounds us came from?

During the development of science, many versions have been put forward: from objectively absurd to quite probable. Currently, there is one generally accepted version of the origin of the Universe, called the Big Bang theory.

The essence of this theory is that billions of years ago there was a huge fireball in outer space, the temperature of which exceeded millions of degrees. At some point, this ball exploded, scattering particles and matter throughout the Universe at enormous speed.

Since the temperature of the fireball was incredibly high, the particles scattered throughout the Universe had quite a lot of energy. Therefore, for the first time after the explosion, they did not attract and did not interact in any way.

However, after about a million years, the particles began to cool, and atoms began to form from them through mutual attraction and repulsion. From atoms later, elementary ones first appeared chemical elements(such as helium and hydrogen), and then increasingly complex ones.

Over time, cooling more and more, the newly formed elements began to unite into huge clouds of dust and gas. As a result of gravitational attraction, small objects began to be attracted to large ones, the particles either collided with each other, or scattered, forming more and more new parts of the Universe. Thus, stars, galaxies and planets appeared.

This is how our planet appeared. Its core gradually compressed, releasing a huge amount of thermal energy. As a result of this, the rocks that made it up melted, and the substances separated from the core formed the earth's crust.

After about a billion years, the Earth cooled, the earth's crust hardened and formed the outer shell of our planet, and gases periodically ejected from the bowels of the Earth, thanks to the earth's gravity, subsequently formed the earth's atmosphere. Some of the gases from the atmosphere condensed on the surface of the Earth, and oceans appeared. Thus, all the conditions were created for the emergence of life on Earth. The same principle applies to all living things.

Today, scientists have proven that the Universe continues to expand, new elements continue to form on the Sun, and our Earth is also undergoing significant changes. Nothing stands still, everything develops, dies and is reborn. This has been proven over more than one million years, by scientific research and observations of processes occurring on the planet.

Mountain formations are gradually shifting, the planet is changing its axis of rotation, due to which changes in climate occur, solar flares are becoming more frequent. This all just means that millions of years ago everything happened according to the same scenario in order to open new horizons for the existence of the Universe, planets, stars and galaxies.

Scientists studying the Earth are accustomed to working on different scales of time and space. In order to get an answer to the question of how planet Earth was created, a lot of scientific research is being carried out. The physical dimensions of objects of study vary from global to microscopic, from masses of matter with a volume of cubic kilometers to interatomic spaces measured in angstroms. When solving a particular scientific problem, one often has to deal with a wide range of linear scales; for example, an earthquake caused by the displacement of rocks along a fault at a distance of several centimeters excites seismic waves that propagate thousands of kilometers in the Earth.

Also, units of time in geology refer not only to short-term phenomena such as earthquakes, volcanic eruptions or meteorite impacts, but also to events lasting tens and hundreds (for example, river meandering), thousands (glaciations), millions (continental drift) and even billions of years (formation of the oxygen-rich atmosphere of today). And in this case, the same process - say, weathering - can again be studied over a wide range of time: from the minutes and hours of a laboratory experiment, during which the rate of dissolution of a mineral is measured, to the thousands of years required for soil formation.

The parameters of geological space and time, taken in various combinations, form the subject of this article, including the variety of major and less significant changes that have occurred - and continue to occur - in the history of the Earth. Many geologists, oceanographers and scientists in other fields who study the Earth from time to time have a desire to consider the Earth as a machine or even as a living organism. The comparison to a machine reflects one of the important features of Earth dynamics: despite all the changes observed at very different scales of time and space, the Earth as a whole remains remarkably constant. In recent years, it has become especially clear that large components of the globe, such as the core, mantle, crust, oceans and atmosphere, can be considered as a complex, interacting system with cyclical transfer of matter from one reservoir to another. The mechanical model of the Earth as a vast cyclical system is comparable to the physiological model of dynamic equilibrium known as homeostasis.

The hierarchy of scales in the work of a scientist studying the Earth is perhaps best illustrated by the process of creating a geological map - a creative act that, using not entirely geological phraseology, can be characterized as a graphic representation in the coordinate system of the earth's surface of the position of rock strata of different ages. The first step in geological mapping is working in the field to identify two important features of rocks: their composition and age. In a typical rock outcrop, only small-scale relationships can usually be observed over distances measured in meters. A generalized geological map of the area is compiled from a set of observations of this kind using, as when constructing any graph, interpolation and extrapolation techniques and depicting elements according to the scale of the map. On a map for an area of, say, 200 km 2, you can see the river network and characteristic folds and breaks in the bedrock. The wealth of information gained from studying each individual outcrop is sacrificed for the sake of depicting larger features. On a map of an area covering many thousands of square kilometers, elements of even greater size begin to emerge: plateaus, mountains, plains, entire river systems, the contours of rift valleys, glacial lakes. On maps of continents and maps of global coverage, the largest structures of the surface of the continents, the main mountain ranges, are visible. In any case, when generalizing an image to move to smaller-scale maps, the trick is to determine which details should be sacrificed. In other words, the essence of this stage of geological analysis is always the separation of the “signal” of interest to us from the “noise”.

That's a very difficult question. And it is hardly possible to give an exhaustive answer to it. At least for now. The Earth itself preserves its past, but there is no one to tell about this past - it was so long ago.

Scientists are slowly “questioning” the Earth through the study of radioactive rocks and are getting some answers. But the known past of the Earth is not final, but goes into an even more distant past - what happened before it solidified? Scientists compare planets with each other in their present state and try to judge from them the evolution of the Earth. Understanding the world is a long and not so easy process.
There are many hypotheses about the origin of the Earth and other planets, some of which we will consider separately on our website.
Modern hypotheses about the origin of the Solar System must take into account not only the mechanical characteristics of the Solar System, but also take into account numerous physical data on the structure of the planets and the Sun.
In the field of cosmogony, a stubborn ideological struggle has constantly been and is being waged, since the worldview of scientists is dramatically affected here. Proponents of the theory of creationism, for example, believe that the age of the Earth is no more than 10,000 years, and supporters of the theory of evolution measure the age of the Earth in billions of years.

Thus, there is not yet a hypothesis that answers all questions about the origin of the Earth and other planets of the solar system. But scientists increasingly agree that the Sun and the planets were formed simultaneously (or almost simultaneously) from a single material medium, from a single cloud of gas and dust.
There are the following hypotheses about the origin of the planets of the solar system (including the Earth): the hypothesis of Laplace, Kant, Schmidt, Buffon, Hoyle, etc.

Basic modern scientific theory

The emergence of the Solar System began with the gravitational compression of a gas and dust cloud, in the center of which the most massive body, the Sun, was formed. The matter of the protoplanetary disk gathered into small planetesimals, which collided with each other and formed planets. Some planetesimals were ejected from the inner regions into the Kuiper Belt and the Oort cloud.
Kuiper Belt- the region of the Solar System from the orbit of Neptune to a distance of about 55 AU. e. from the Sun. Although the Kuiper Belt is similar to the asteroid belt, it is about 20 times wider and more massive than the latter. Like the asteroid belt, it consists mainly of small bodies, that is, material left over from the formation of the Solar System. Unlike asteroid belt objects, which are primarily composed of rocks and metals, Kuiper belt objects are composed primarily of volatile substances (called ices) such as methane, ammonia, and water. This region of near space contains at least three dwarf planets: Pluto, Haumea and Makemake. It is believed that some of the satellites of the planets of the solar system (Neptune's moon Triton and Saturn's moon Phoebe) also arose in this area.
Oort cloud- a hypothetical spherical region of the Solar System that serves as a source of long-period comets. The existence of the Oort cloud has not been instrumentally confirmed, but many indirect facts indicate its existence.
The Earth formed about 4.54 billion years ago from the solar nebula. Volcanic degassing created the primary atmosphere on earth was created as a result of volcanic activity, but it had almost no oxygen, it would have been toxic and not suitable for life. Much of the Earth was molten due to active volcanism and frequent collisions with other space objects. One of these large impacts is believed to have caused the tilt earth's axis and the formation of the Moon. Over time, such cosmic bombardment ceased, allowing the planet to cool and form a solid crust. The water delivered to the planet by comets and asteroids condensed into clouds and oceans. The earth finally became hospitable to life, and its earliest forms enriched the atmosphere with oxygen. For at least the first billion years, life on Earth took small and microscopic forms. Well, then the process of evolution began.
As we said earlier, there is no consensus on this matter. Therefore, hypotheses about the origin of the Earth and other planets of the solar system continue to arise, and old ones also exist.

J. Buffon's hypothesis

Not all scientists agreed with the evolutionary scenario for the origin of the planets. Back in the 18th century, the French naturalist Georges Buffon expressed a hypothesis, supported and developed by the American physicists Chamberlain and Multon. The hypothesis is this: once upon a time another star flew in the vicinity of the Sun. Its gravity caused a huge tidal wave on the Sun, stretching in space for hundreds of millions of kilometers. Having broken away, this wave began to swirl around the Sun and disintegrate into clumps, each of which formed its own planet.

F. Hoyle's conjecture

The English astrophysicist Fred Hoyle proposed another hypothesis in the 20th century: the Sun had a twin star that exploded. Most of the fragments were carried into outer space, a smaller part remained in the orbit of the Sun and formed planets.

Creation theory

Creationism- a theological and ideological concept according to which the main forms of the organic world (life), humanity, planet Earth, as well as the world as a whole, are considered as directly created by the Creator, or God. The term "creationism" became popular around the end of the 19th century, meaning concepts that recognize the truth of the creation story set out in the Old Testament. It should be noted that there are several directions in the theory of creationism itself, but, for example, Templeton Prize-winning geneticist, evolutionist and former Dominican Catholic priest Francisco Ayala believes that there are no significant contradictions between Christianity and evolutionary theory, and evolutionary theory, on the contrary, helps explain both the perfection of the world created by God and the cause of evil in the world.

Protodeacon A. Kuraev in the book “Orthodoxy and Evolution” he writes: “Those who vaguely think that God becomes unnecessary if we extend the process of creation are naive. Equally naive are those who believe that the creation of the world in more than six days diminishes the greatness of the Creator. It is only important for us to remember that nothing interfered or limited creative action. Everything happened according to the will of the Creator. But whether this will was to create the world instantly, or in six days, or in six thousand years, or in myriads of centuries, we do not know.”

It arose about 4600 million years ago. Since then, its surface has constantly changed under the influence of various processes. The earth apparently formed several million years after a colossal explosion in space. The explosion created a huge amount of gas and dust. Scientists believe that its particles, colliding with each other, united into giant clumps of hot matter, which over time turned into the existing planets.

According to scientists, the Earth arose after a colossal cosmic explosion. The first continents probably formed from molten rock flowing to the surface from vents. As it solidified, it made the earth's crust thicker. Oceans could have formed in the lowlands from droplets contained in volcanic gases. The original one probably consisted of the same gases.

It is thought that the Earth was at first incredibly hot, with a sea of ​​molten rocks on the surface. About 4 billion years ago, the Earth began to slowly cool and split into several layers (see right). The heaviest rocks sank deep into the bowels of the Earth and formed its core, remaining unimaginably hot. Less dense matter formed a series of layers around the core. On the surface itself, molten rocks gradually hardened, forming a solid crust covered with many volcanoes. The molten rock erupted to the surface and froze, forming the earth's crust. Low areas were filled with water.

Earth today

Although the earth's surface seems solid and unshakable, changes are still taking place. They are caused by various kinds of processes, some of which destroy the earth's surface, while others recreate it. Most changes occur extremely slowly and are detected only by special devices. It takes millions of years for a new mountain range to form, but a powerful volcanic eruption or a monstrous earthquake can transform the surface of the Earth in a matter of days, hours and even minutes. In 1988, an earthquake in Armenia that lasted about 20 seconds destroyed buildings and killed more than 25,000 people.

Structure of the Earth

In general, the Earth has the shape of a ball, slightly flattened at the poles. It consists of three main layers: crust, mantle and core. Each layer is formed by different types of rocks. The picture below shows the structure of the Earth, but the layers are not to scale. The outer layer is called the earth's crust. Its thickness is from 6 to 70 km. Beneath the crust is the upper layer of the mantle, formed by hard rock. This layer, together with the crust, is called and has a thickness of about 100 km. The part of the mantle underlying the lithosphere is called the asthenosphere. It is approximately 100 km thick and is likely composed of partially molten rocks. The mantle varies from 4000°C near the core to 1000°C in the upper part of the asthenosphere. The lower mantle probably consists of solid rock. The outer core is composed of iron and nickel, apparently molten. The temperature of this layer can reach 5500°C. The temperature of the subcore can be above 6000°C. It is solid due to the colossal pressure of all the other layers. Scientists believe that it consists mainly of iron (more about this in the article ““).

Now we have reached our planet.

How was the Earth actually formed? While we, the people living on this planet, are not ready to talk about it. We can measure and understand the size of the oceans and continents on our planet, how much time it takes to fly somewhere by plane. Yes, we have some idea about the planet solar system- Earth, although far from complete. The same questions arise - when, where and for what purposes?

I have previously expressed a hypothesis that our planet Earth may have been located in a different constellation and was a satellite of a completely different star (a source of thermal radiation). It was inhabited and there were humanoid and other creatures of gigantic size on it. Why giant? This is explained by only one factor, what kind of star and what energy it gives, that is, the closer to the source of magnetic energy, the larger the size of the flora and fauna will be. And of course, again there is a dependence on the state of the planet itself, or rather its atmosphere.

Therefore, all the found skeletons of 10-20 meter people and various lizards belonged to a different era of life on Earth and not during our solar luminary. It is difficult to say what kind of civilization they had. At some point (apparently, there were good reasons for this) something terrible happened to this planet and all living beings were doomed to death. After this, this planet could simply turn into a large meteorite. But in view of the fact that this planet was unique in its internal reserves, kind beyond beings decided to preserve it.

To do this, they created a new magnetic body, our Sun (possibly on the outskirts of the Universe) and moved our planet to this place. Personally, I don’t see anything supernatural in this. Simply, for this it was necessary to install magnetic installations on the planet that could create traction acceleration in the designated direction. Of course, it was necessary to constantly correct this direction. Approximately such a spotter could be the small planet that we now call the Moon. We humans cannot imagine such possibilities. And for super beings, this relocation of the planet is difficult, perhaps the same as we move heavy vehicles, say, across the Sahara Desert. Maybe the example is not very successful, but again we do not know the development of the technical intelligence of aliens.

Then it is possible to at least somehow explain the existence of a long ice age on our planet. Imagine a long journey through dark and cold space, and after that, a long thawing of the planet. Even those who remained on the planet at that moment were subject to sudden freezing and their bodies, like the entire surface of the planet, were covered with a multi-meter layer of ice. And this happened not for a hundred or 50 years, but more.

You can object to such a hypothesis, but no one can refute it.

And of course, the next point of intelligent beings, after installing the planet in the orbit of the Sun, is the new creation of life on the planet. But how to revive an extinct planet and create life anew?

We humanity had only one justification for the formation of planet Earth - this was the gradual collision of solid cosmic objects and gases, which, over a long period of various reactions, formed our planet. I also cannot refute this, although I think it is stupid. I just can’t understand - small asteroids fought, destroyed and fought again. As soon as a small ball has been created, it is again destroyed by incoming asteroids. But then, let me ask, who and how lit a “fire” in the center of the planet, so that it would become warm, and subsequently, from this warmth, our earthly atmosphere would be created? As you understand, our Sun alone would not be able to do this.

Have you ever wondered where the incomprehensible magma came from, why it has such enormous temperatures, while our Earth does not warm up and even freezes in places? What is this magma core for? Many questions arise again.

After a general overview, allow me to express my hypothesis about the formation of our beloved planet. Our planet Earth has been moved in outer space.

"Traditional" structure of the Earth

At the same time, the necessary conditions had already been created, i.e. Our Sun was originally made. After moving, our planet is “placed” in the desired orbit in relation to the Sun. Now, it had to be heated from the inside to create life on this planet.

Again, without knowledge of chemistry and physics that is extremely incomprehensible to us, this is not possible.

Let's turn to simple school physics. Just compare all the lines coming from two permanent magnets. Is there a difference between such lines of our Earth and laboratory magnets. As you can see - none. All lines go from S to N. And then return along arcs. These are our laws, and dogma for us in the field of permanent magnets.

It turns out that in the center of our planet there are the same permanent magnets or magnetic installations. Then it turns out that someone dug through our planet from the poles and specially installed such magnets (magnetic installations). This is very difficult to do, according to our concepts, but quite easy for intelligent beings to do. With such knowledge in the technical field, there won’t be much work.

Having launched such magnetic installations into action, precisely along the axis of our globe on both sides, intelligent beings made a through tunnel. And then, using the same two magnetic devices, directing rays of magnetic energy towards each other (with different vortices of magnetic spirals), they created a reaction (as we understand thermonuclear), which has been working for many centuries. Believe me, I imagine the power of such attitudes, it’s elementary. Just contact, again, the media. According to them, huge round openings were found on the surface of our planet, which were made not a hundred years ago, but in our time. It’s just that these intelligent beings ask you to believe that this is possible. And we have no idea what kind of tunnels there might be inside the planet.

We, humanity, have not yet begun to explore the internal cavities of our planet. For now, we're just drilling it from all sides. I can even assume that the intelligent beings who produced us have already taken care of the worst consequences that can happen on the surface (the extinction of the sun, thermonuclear and various wars on the planet). Or maybe there, in the bowels of the Earth, there already exist huge underground galleries, where further residence of earthly humanity is possible.