Presentation on the topic of the Entente and the Triple Alliance. Entente Triple Alliance contradictions between leading powers escalating struggle for spheres of influence

“History of the First World War” - The project is designed for 5 hours. Generations killed in 1914-1918 are calling to us from obscurity.” L. Anninsky. “It’s scary to count the millions of people killed. How did the First World War affect Russian society? What problems did the First World War reveal? List the main results and consequences of the war.

"War of 1914" - Served on a naval training ship at Devonport Dockyard. Standards of burnt sticks stuck out like bony fingers. During World War II he served in the Home Guard. The war is not ready to disappear yet. Douglas Terry. Chronology of the declaration of war... ...We remember you. In 1917 he was sent to France as a driver.

“Years of the First World War” - HAD a similar army to the German one, but multinational. Austria-Hungary. Patriotic manifestation. Front line by: 1914 1915 1916. During the communications of the Russian army. The carriage in which Nicholas II abdicated. Photos from the First World War. Clearly showed the importance of economic strength. Italy did not enter the war; Japan joined the Entente.

“The end of the First World War” - Counter-offensive of the Entente troops under the command of F. Foch. September: There was an uprising in the Bulgarian army. Summer, 1918. Performed by: Marina Parfenova, Tatyana Rzhannikova. The end of the First World War. The Bolshevik government signed the Treaty of Brest-Litovsk with Germany. P. Hindeburg and E. Ludendorff were preparing a new attack on France.

“World War I” - Ultimatum 07/30/14. The number of mobilized people is 74 million. Triple. War 08/3/14 Economic and military. Thus Russian mobilization was the key to victory. Blocks of states participating in the war. Schlieffen plan. The number of neutral states is 17. The number of dead is 10 million people.

“The First World War 1914-1918” - Germany’s goals are to take Russia out of the war). German flamethrower. Germany occupied Poland, the Baltic states, and part of Belarus. Results of the war. The state of the Entente armed forces. Triple Alliance of 1882. RESULTS of 1914. 1917 For the first time in history, the British used tanks in the battle. The main front is Eastern.

There are a total of 24 presentations in the topic

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The purpose of the lesson: Introduce students to the First World War.

Lesson objectives:

consolidate and expand knowledge about the international situation on the eve of the First World War, the events in Sarajevo, the causes and nature of the great war;
determine the reasons for Russia's entry into the First World War;
trace the relationship between the military operations of the Western and Eastern Fronts;
continue the formation of basic skills in students: work with the textbook text, analyze and summarize factual material, establish connections between historical events, draw conclusions, work with a historical map;
fostering a negative attitude towards war as a method of solving international issues.

Lesson type: learning new material.

Technical equipment: computer, screen, projector, presentation on the topic, map “The First World War 1914-1915”, map “Offensive of the southwestern front June 4 – August 13, 1916 (Brusilovsky breakthrough)”.

Pedagogical technology: ICT.

During the classes

World War I.(slide 1)

Lesson plan:(slide 2)

Causes of the war
Formation of two military blocs.
Reason for war.
War and society.
Progress of military operations.
Results and consequences of the war.

If there is to be a war in Europe, it will begin because of some terrible, absurd incident in the Balkans.
Otto von Bismarck.

I. Causes of the war.

Given the uneven economic development of capitalist countries, by the beginning of the 20th century, the countries of the “second echelon” began to catch up with the countries of the “second echelon”. (slide 4)

The colonial possessions of the “first echelon” countries significantly exceeded the colonial possessions of the “second echelon” countries. (slide 5)

Colonial possessions

– Was the distribution of colonial possessions between the leading countries of the world even? (Answer: No).

The size of the colonial possessions was so uneven that the redistribution of the world between capitalist powers became inevitable in the struggle of young capitalist countries for their “place in the sun.” The economic growth of young countries was hampered by the lack of markets, and a contradiction was brewing between the country’s economic potential and opportunities for further development.

II. Formation of two military blocs.

The confrontation between the major powers began with the creation of two military blocs.

– Remember when the Triple Alliance was created? (Answer: 1879-1882). What countries were included in it? (Answer: Germany, Austria-Hungary, Italy).

– What military bloc was created as a counterweight to the Triple Alliance? (Answer: Entente). What countries were included in it? (Answer: England, France, Russia). At what year? (Answer: 1907).

Students are introduced to two tables. (slide 6-7).

All these contradictions strained the situation in Europe. Countries were preparing for war, the inevitability of which they had no doubt.

III. Reason for war.

It was not without reason that the Balkan Peninsula was called the “powder keg of Europe.”

The reason for the war in 1914 was a shot in Sarajevo (Bosnia), which ended the life of the heir to the Austrian throne, Prince Franz Ferdinand. (slide 8) He arrived at the maneuvers of the Austrian troops, organized in Bosnia and Herzegovina on the border with Serbia, and was killed by Gavrilo Princip. Gavrilo Princip was a member of the anti-Austrian Serbian organization Narodna Odbrana. (slide 9).

Austria-Hungary presented an ultimatum to Serbia (slide 10), in which it demanded:

close all anti-Austrian organizations;
stop protests against the annexation of Bosnia and Herzegovina;
begin an investigation into the prince's murder;
allow Austrian officials into the investigation;
introduce a limited contingent of Austrian troops into Serbian territory.

Serbia has traditionally turned to Russia for help. On the advice of Russia, Serbia accepted the ultimatum, with the exception of the last two points.

– Why did Serbia refuse to comply with the last two points of the ultimatum? (Answer: If Serbia had fulfilled all the conditions of the ultimatum, it would have lost its sovereignty).

Austria declared war on Serbia. Russia, after the artillery shelling of Belgrade, began general mobilization, in response Germany demanded that it stop. After Russia refused to stop mobilization, Germany declared war on it.

Why did England and France go to war? (Answer: England and France were allies of Russia).

IV. War and society.

The outbreak of the First World War caused an explosion of patriotic feelings. In large cities, crowded demonstrations took place under the slogan “War to a victorious end!” Some of them were accompanied by German pogroms. (slide 12).

From the memoirs of P.N. Milyukova(slide 13).

“How was the war of 1914 generally accepted in Russia?.. Of course, there was no shortage of manifestations of enthusiasm - and not only official enthusiasm, especially at the beginning... Worker strikes stopped for a while. Not to mention street and public demonstrations... But in general, the picture sketched by our poet - in the capitals “the thunderous revolutions”, and in the depths of Russia there reigns “age-old silence” - this picture remained true. In the war of 1914 “century-old silence” received a common formula in the expression: “we are Kalutsk”, that is, Wilhelm will not reach Kaluga...” (Miliukov P.N. Memoirs. T.1.M., 1990).

– How was the war of 1914 received in Russia? (Answer: Positive).

From the speech of philosopher I.A. Ilyina.(slide 14)

“... Our real war with Germany is a spiritual-defensive war and will remain so even if Russian troops enter the center of Germany and if the world annexes Polish and Slavic lands to Russia.”

(Ilyin I.A. The spiritual meaning of war. St. Petersburg, 1915).

– What did the philosopher I.A. Ilyin call war? (Answer: spiritual-defensive).

From the newspaper “Russian Banner” (print organ of the Union of the Russian People).(slide 15)

(Quoted from: Recent Russian History. XX – early XXI centuries / edited by E.I. Shchagin. Book 1. M., 2008).

– The newspaper “Russian Banner” called for Russia to be liberated from whom? (Answer: from foreignness).

V. Progress of military operations.

The following stages can be distinguished in the history of the First World War: (slide 16)

Stages of the war	Main events
1914 campaign	The military campaign did not bring decisive success to either side.
1915 campaign	Defeat of the Russian army in the military campaign. Russia lost Poland, part of the Baltic states, Belarus and Ukraine.
1916 campaign	The main military actions on the Western Front. May-June 1916 - “Brusilovsky breakthrough” on the South-Western Front against Austria-Hungary.
1917 campaign	The defeat of Russian troops in the conditions of the revolution. Peace negotiations between the Bolsheviks and Germany.
1918 campaign	March 3, 1918 – Treaty of Brest-Litovsk. November. Defeat of Germany and its allies from the Entente.

Students work with a historical map. (slide 17-18).

VI. Results and consequences of the war.

V.V. Putin: “Russia lost in the First World War to a losing country.” (slide 19).

Germany occupied Poland, the Baltic states, and part of Belarus.
The Russian army left Ukraine and Finland.
Kars and Batum went to Turkey.
Russia pledged to pay an indemnity of 6 billion. marks.

Cessation of hostilities.
Alsace and Lorraine are transferred to France.
Disarmament of German troops, internment of the fleet, confiscation of submarines.
Germany was losing ports and fleet on the Black Sea.
On June 28, 1919, the Treaty of Versailles was signed.

Consequences of the war for Russia:(slide 22).

Russia lost more than 4 million people killed and wounded in the war.
more than 2.3 million are missing.
collapse of the Romanov Empire.
economic crisis in the country.
political crisis.

IN AND. Lenin called the war “the best gift of the revolution.” (slide 23)

Human losses during the fighting in the First World War.(slide 24).

Countries of the anti-German bloc	Losses(in thousand people)	CountriesGerman bloc	Losses(in thousand people)
Russia	1200	Germany	1473
France	898	Austria-Hungary	727
Great Britain	485	Türkiye	250
Italy	381	Bulgaria	49
Romania	152
Serbia and Montenegro	140
USA	37
Belgium	32
British Dominions and India	119
French colonies	48
Greece	9
Portugal	5
Japan	0,3
TOTAL:	3506,3	TOTAL:	2499

LISTS OF SOURCES:

Zainchkovsky A.M. World War I. St. Petersburg, 2002.
Ilyin I.A. The spiritual meaning of war. St. Petersburg, 1915.
Kudryashov S.A. August 14th, June 41st...// Motherland, 2004 No. 9.
Milyukov P.N. Memories. T.1.M., 1990.
Shchagin E.I. Recent Russian history. XX – beginning of the XXI century. Book 1. M., 2008.

“The end of the First World War” - French General F. Foch. October: Ottoman Empire surrendered, Austria-Hungary collapsed, Germany surrendered. Spring, 1918. Lev Davidovich Trotsky. September: There was an uprising in the Bulgarian army. The end of the First World War. Completed by: Marina Parfenova, Tatyana Rzhannikova. Counter-offensive of Entente troops under the command of F. Foch.

“History of the First World War” - Generations killed in 1914-1918 are calling to us from obscurity.” L. Anninsky. The project will take 5 hours. Cultivating a sense of patriotism and citizenship among students. ovative: Tasks. “It’s scary to count the millions of people killed. What problems did the First World War reveal? Target. List the main causes of the First World War.

“The beginning of the First World War” - Soldiers in gas masks. German "Albatross D". - Flamethrowers - aviation. Bosnia. Zelinsky's carbon gas mask. The largest aircraft of the First World War was the Ilya Muromets bomber. Light cruiser Brimingham against the German submarine U-15. French President Raymond Poincaré. ______________________________.

“The First World War 1914-1918” - The war became protracted. RESULTS OF 1914. Military-political alliances on the eve of the war. “VERDEN MEAT GRINDER” (21.02 -18.12. 1916). FIRST WORLD WAR 1914-1918 Brusilovsky breakthrough. France. The Russian army left Ukraine and Finland. Treaty of Brest-Litovsk – March 1918. Soviet Russia Germany.

“The Years of the First World War” - Great Britain. England. 1916 is the third year of the war. Causes of the February Revolution of 1917 On April 6, 1917, the United States entered the war. Russia. Major combat actions and events. 1.5 million people took part in the Battle of the Marne River. Decree on peace. The most important political events at the end of 1916. The first year of the war.

“War of 1914” - You are in our hearts. Born July 23, 1900 in Ontario near Kingston (Canada). Polish soldiers during the battles for Poland (September 1939). 62 states took part in the war. Veteran living in Australia - 1 person - Claude Stanley Choles. And the squares looked like landfills, where fascist crosses were taken.

There are a total of 24 presentations in the topic

Slide 1

Causes of the First World War. The beginning of the war between the Entente countries and the Triple Alliance materials for a world history lesson in the 10th grade Author-compiler: Alexander Khudobet Kyiv [email protected]

Slide 2

LESSON PLAN Causes and cause of war Military strategic plans of the parties Beginning of hostilities in 1914

Slide 3

Reasons and reason for the war Exacerbation of contradictions between leading states: - Anglo-German - in the economic sphere and in the colonial issue (on China and Africa); - Franco-German - in the territorial issue (Alsace and Lorraine), because of the colonies (in Africa), in the economic sphere; - Russia and Austria-Hungary - due to influence in the Balkans; - Russian-German – in the economic sphere.

Slide 4

Reasons and reason for the war The arms race of leading states led to their accumulation of military reserves. Germany, which had managed to rearm earlier, had a real chance of military victory in the “lightning war.”

Slide 5

Reasons and reason for war The existence of military-political blocs - the Entente and the Triple Alliance gave rise to the aggressiveness of the countries participating in the alliances, since strengthening their military potential made them less compliant in critical situations.

Slide 6

Causes and reason for the war The reason for the war was the assassination on June 28, 1914 in Sarajevo of the principle of the successor to the Austrian and Hungarian throne Ferdinand and the refusal of the Serbian government on July 25, 1914 to accept the terms of the Austrian ultimatum of July 23, 191.

Slide 7

VEL. BRITAIN FRANCE RUSSIAN EMPIRE 1904 1893 1902 ENTENTE FORMATION OF THE ENTENTE

Slide 8

Military-strategic plans of the Entente Russia, in response to the demands of France, planned simultaneous military operations on two fronts - against Germany in East Prussia and against Austria-Hungary in Galicia. If Germany attacked Russia first, then the Russian-German front became the main one, if France was attacked, then the main blow was dealt to Austria-Hungary. The French “Plan No. 17” provided for French troops to go on the offensive against the Germans in the Verdun region (eastern France), but only in response to enemy actions. England envisaged a blockade of Germany with its fleet. Actions on land were not planned.

Slide 9

FORMATION OF THE TRIPLE ALLIANCE GERMAN EMPIRE AUSTRO-HUNGARIAN EMPIRE ITALY TRIPLE ALLIANCE 1882

Slide 10

Military-strategic plans of the Triple Alliance The German Schlieffen Plan (which was adopted in 1905) provided for, in the event of a war on two fronts, the lightning defeat of France in 6-8 weeks, while the Russian army was being mobilized, and then the transfer of all forces to the east and the defeat of Russia . The Austro-Hungarian plan provided for military operations against Russia and in the Balkans. Depending on Russia’s actions, either a quick defeat of Serbia and strategic defense against Russia, or a common defeat of Russia with Germany with an offensive defeat of Serbia was assumed.

Slide 11

The outbreak of hostilities in 1914 On July 28, 1914, Austria-Hungary declared war on Serbia. Russia, in order to contain Austria-Hungary, declared mobilization on July 31. Germany used this as a pretext to declare war on Russia. On August 1, 1914, Germany declared war on Russia and began its own mobilization. This was the beginning of the First World War. On August 2, German troops entered the territory of a neutral state - Luxembourg (to ensure an offensive against Belgium and France). On August 3, 1914, Germany declared war on France. On August 4, 1914, German troops invaded Belgium, violating its internationally recognized neutrality. Taking advantage of this, Great Britain declared war on Germany on the same day. On August 6, 1914, Austria-Hungary declared war on Russia. And a few days later she found herself in a state of war with other Entente states. On August 23, 1914, Japan declared war on Germany and seized its colonies in China. On October 29, 1914, without a declaration of war, German ships under the Turkish flag fired at the Russian Black Sea coast. On November 1, 1914, Russia declared war on Turkey, England on the 5th, and France on the 6th. On November 12, Türkiye declared a “holy war” (jihad) against England, France and Russia.

Slide 12

The outbreak of hostilities in 1914 In early August, German troops, in accordance with the Schlieffen plan, went to France through the territory of Belgium, bypassing French troops from the north (the so-called “sickle strikes”). The threat of the defeat of the French army and the fall of Paris forced the Russian command to abandon the guards corps under the command of Samsonov and Renenkampf to East Prussia even before the end of the mobilization of troops. Saving the estates of the Prussian Junkers, the German command transferred part of the troops from France to the east, which defeated the Russian troops, but could not completely defeat them. This slowed down the pace of the German offensive in France. In August-September, a successful offensive of Russian troops began in Galicia, which led to the capture of Western Ukraine (Lviv, the siege of Przemysl) and access to the Carpathian passes by the end of the year. In September, when German troops approached Paris, the Battle of the Marne River took place, in which the French managed to stop the German advance. The front has stabilized. Attempts to bypass each other from the north (the so-called “flight to the sea”) caused the extension of the front line to 600 km. The exhaustion of the parties and the expenditure of ammunition led to the beginning of a “positional war” on the Western Front.

Slide 13

The beginning of hostilities in 1914 In the Balkans, the Serbian army, taking advantage of the weakening of the Austro-Hungarian troops as a result of the “Galician Operation,” launched a counteroffensive and liberated Belgrade on December 15, driving the enemy beyond the borders of Serbia. On the Caucasian front, which was formed after Turkey entered the war, Russian troops repelled the Turkish attempts to seize Russian territories and carried out the successful Sarikamish operation (December 22, 1914 - January 7, 1915), which ended in the defeat of the Turkish 3rd Army. In Mesopatamia, British troops tried to take control of oil-bearing areas (Basra), and in Palestine they managed to stop the advance of Turkish troops in the direction of the Suez Canal. Japan, having entered the war, seized the German colonies in China and did not take further active action. In Africa, German troops, given the advantage of the Entente forces, switched to partisan warfare. Thus, in 1914 Neither side was able to implement its strategic plans to defeat the enemy. The depletion of military supplies and the equivalent confrontation caused a transition to trench warfare (primarily on the Western Front).

Inserting a picture

World War I (1914-1918)

Prepared by: history teacher Yu.V. Shusherov.

1. Main characteristics of war

2. The beginning of the war

3. Goals of the warring powers

4. Major combat actions and events

5. Results and consequences of the war

Military-political alliances on the eve of the war.

Triple Alliance 1882 .

Entente 1907

England, France, Russia,

Germany, Austria-Hungary

and 30 more countries

Common features : 1. Active colonial policy.

2.Each country pursues its own selfish goals.

Differences : 1. The Entente develops in response to the creation of a block

Central Powers.

and economic balance in Europe.

3. The Triple Alliance unites the countries of the second

echelon of modernization.

Cause

Balkans –

Hotbed of international tension

Balkan wars. The threat of a pan-European conflict

"Bosnian crisis" caused by annexation Austria-Hungary Bosnia and Herzegovina with German support

The struggle of European countries for the Turkish inheritance and influence on politics in the Balkans

Beginning of the First World War

Entente

1914-1918

Triple Alliance

Austria-Hungary

Germany

Assassination of the heir to the Austrian throne in Sarajevo

Goals of the warring powers

Crush France and Russia

Annex the Baltic and Polish lands of Russia

Capture French colonies in Africa

Settle in the Middle East and Turkey

Subjugate the Balkan states

Capture the Bosphorus and Dardanelles straits

Establish your dominance in the Balkans

Reunite all Polish lands

Stop German expansion

Return of Elsies, Lorraine and capture of the Saarland

Division of Turkish territories

Major combat actions and events

1914 –1915

Eastern front

Western Front

German invasion of Belgium, France by " Schlieffen plan ».

The offensive of Russian troops in East Prussia and Galicia.

Battle of the Marne. Retreat of German troops to the Aisne River.

Retreat of Russian troops from East Prussia.

September

Breakthrough by German troops of the front in Galicia. Retreat of Russian troops. September 1915 – formation of the Quadruple Alliance (Germany, Austria-Hungary, Bulgaria, Türkiye)

End of 1914

The transition from maneuver to positional warfare.

The first use of chemical warfare agents (chlorine) by the German command in the area of Ypres.

April-May 1915

Front stabilization. Trench warfare.

September

1916 –1917

-Battle of Verdun. -Jutlandic sea battle.

March 1916

Brusilovsky breakthrough German-Austrian front.

English-French Somme offensive , the first use of tanks.

June August.

July August.

Germany's transition to strategic defense.

German submarine warfare. Declaration of war on Germany by the United States in April 1917.

Late 1916

Miliukov's note on Russia's participation in the war to a victorious end.

April 1917

Unsuccessful French offensive near Arras "Massacre of Nivelle".

July-Autumn

British troops are trying to break through the German front in the Ypres region.

Capture of Riga by German troops, occupation of part of the Baltic states.

1918

Armistice between Soviet Russia and Germany.

December 1917

Occupation of Bessarabia by Romania.

1918, winter.

The offensive of German troops in the Paris direction, the use of troops transferred from the Eastern Front (Arras, Marne). Hindenburg plan.

Treaty of Brest-Litovsk between Germany and Russia

Battle of Amiens.

March-July

September-November

General offensive of the Entente troops. Defeat of the countries of the Quadruple Alliance. Truce of Compiègne.

Results and consequences of the war

Truce of Compiègne

Conditions Compiègne truce:

1. Immediate withdrawal of German troops from the western occupied territories and the left bank of the Rhine

2. Immediate repatriation without reciprocity of all prisoners of war

3. Concession by the German army of the following military material: 5 thousand cannons, 25 thousand machine guns, 3 thousand mortars and 1,700 airplanes

4. Return of all German troops to Germany

Treaty of Brest-Litovsk

1. Russia’s renunciation of the territories of Estonia and Latvia

2. Withdrawal of Russian troops from Finland, Ukraine

3. Return to Turkey of the fortresses of Kars, Ardahan, Batum

4. Demobilization of the Russian army and navy

5 . Contribution at 6 billion stamps

Treaty of Versailles

Agreement conditions:

colonies .

2. Germany had to pay reparations with a total amount of 132 billion gold marks (52% - France, 22% - Great Britain, 10% - Italy, 8% - Belgium).;

3. The imposition of military restrictions on Germany - it was forbidden to have a submarine fleet, large surface ships, tank formations, military and naval aviation, the maximum army size was determined at 100 thousand people. Universal conscription was abolished.

4. Demilitarization of the Rhineland. Occupation of the Rhineland by Allied troops for a period of 15 years.

5. Germany was recognized as the culprit for starting the world war.

Germany lost 1/8 of its territory and all of its colonies .