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1879 - 1955

“I want to find out what fundamental laws God followed when creating the Universe. Nothing else interests me."

Albert Einstein's life was full of paradoxes. The ingenious physicist experienced serious difficulties at school. A world-famous scientist, the pride of German science, was forced to leave his country due to Nazi persecution. The fighter for peace indirectly contributed to the invention of the atomic bomb. The author of several landmark discoveries and Nobel Prize winner for his work in the field of optics for most people was and remains the creator of the famous theory of relativity.

Paradoxical genius

Childhood of a genius

Albert with his little sister Maya

The scientist was born in the small Bavarian city of Ulm

Parents

Hermann Einstein, scientist's father. On shares with his brother Yakov, he owned a small enterprise and was constantly on the verge of ruin. But even after becoming bankrupt, the father of the family did not lose his good nature.

Paulina, the scientist's mother. Being a gifted pianist, she instilled in her son a love for music.

Gymnasium student
Einstein

Favorite books
Being an introvert, young Einstein eagerly read scientific and philosophical books that immersed him in a special world. Works such as Aaron Bernstein's "Natural Science Books for the People" and Alexander von Humboldt's "Cosmos" not only replaced Albert's boring school lessons, but also had a decisive influence on his future interests.
Bernstein's work introduced readers to the main discoveries and methods of the natural sciences. This book, quite difficult for the perception of a schoolboy, 10-year-old Einstein read without taking a breath. Bernstein described the most interesting experiments and
analyzed physical phenomena: magnetism, light, electricity. Einstein first encountered the problem of the speed of light, which has invariably occupied him ever since.

young dreamer

Audience. At the department, Professor D. Vinteler, in whose house Einstein lived (first from the right)

Einstein (second from left) with his classmates at the Polytechnic

Mileva Marich.
“This woman constantly reads smart books. She doesn’t know how to cook and mend shoes,” grumbled Albert’s mother, who never reconciled herself to her son’s marriage to Milena.

Einstein as a student

ill-fated

Scientist evolution

Photograph of a scientist from the Bernese period

Einstein's theories were truly landmark discoveries. He argued that the only constant in nature is the speed of light in a vacuum, while time and space are relative. The bold statement refuted Newton's laws, which were generally accepted at that time.

Mileva with children. On the right is the eldest son Hans Albert, on the left is the youngest son Edward

Interesting moments

Before Einstein, there were no such concepts in physics as deformed space and time. All planets, Einstein believed, cause the curvature of space. Photographs taken by astronomer Arthur Eddington became evidence of Einstein's theory. So the scientist gained worldwide recognition.

Nobel Prize Medal. According to the will of Alfred Nobel, the prize is awarded for inventions that bring practical benefits to mankind.

In 1921, Einstein received the Nobel Prize.
It is curious that the high award was awarded not to the theory of relativity known in the widest circles, but to the discovery of the law of the photoelectric effect.

At the end of his life, Einstein asked for a pencil and paper. “I have some more calculations to do,” Einstein explained. A few days later, on April 18, 1955, the brilliant physicist and citizen of the world died in a ward at Princeton Hospital.

Einstein at work

Einstein with the great comedian Charlie Chaplin (1989-1977)

Monroe and Einstein - American idols

2. Slide 8 http://www.laboiteverte.fr/wp-content/uploads/2010/08/portrait-albert-einstein-03.jpg

Sources

1. Magazine “100 great names. Albert Einstein, picture scanning;

Student of the "College" Krasnoselsky ", group 21 AS Fonov Sergey

Students of the 21 AS group Smirnov A. and Fonov S. took an active part in the preparation of an open lesson "And this is all about Einstein ...". These students collected and systematized a lot of material on the biography of A. Einstein, and presented it in the form of a presentation, which I used during the open lesson. The presentation material can be used when conducting and preparing extra-curricular activities and open lessons dedicated to the discoveries of the great physicist A. Einstein.

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Albert Einstein “I want to find out what fundamental law God followed when creating the Universe. Nothing else interests me."

Paradoxical genius Albert Einstein's life was full of paradoxes. The ingenious physicist experienced serious difficulties at school. A world-famous scientist, the pride of German science, was forced to leave his country due to Nazi persecution.

The Childhood of a Genius Einstein was born at 11:30 am on March 14, 1879 in the city of Ulm in southern Germany. As a child, Einstein was not a particularly bright child. He seemed retarded and started talking late. All this seems somewhat strange, especially for a future mathematician. As a rule, mathematical abilities appear at a very early age. Many of the eminent mathematicians were already asking questions about large or infinitely large numbers when they were less than three years old. Albert at 14

Einstein's father, Hermann Einstein (1847-1902), was a co-owner of a small business producing feather stuffing for mattresses and quilts.

Einstein's mother Paulina Einstein (nee Koch, 1858-1920) was from the family of a wealthy corn merchant Julius Derzbacher.

Einstein's sister Younger sister Maria (Maya, 1881-1951)

Free Switzerland In the autumn of 1895, Albert Einstein arrived in Switzerland to take the entrance exams to the Higher Technical School (Polytechnic) in Zurich and become a teacher of physics. Having brilliantly proved himself in the mathematics exam, he at the same time failed the exams in botany and French, which did not allow him to enter the Zurich Polytechnic. However, the director of the school advised the young man to enter the final class of the school in Aarau (Switzerland) in order to get a certificate and repeat the admission. The first thing that surprised Albert in the new school was the spirit of freedom and democracy. At the same time, Albert was more and more given over to his daydreams. “If we could travel at the speed of light…”, the future scientist dreamed.

Albert Einstein's transcript Courses Year 3 3rd semester 4th year 1st semester German B B French C C History B B Geometry A A Natural science C B Physics A A Chemistry B C Drawing C B Fine arts - B Singing - A Violin A A

While studying at the Polytechnic, Albert met his future wife. The talented Serbian Mileva Maric was the only girl among the students. Common scientific interests quickly brought young people together. “When I marry the woman I love, we will do science together. I don't want to waste time with ignorant and uneducated people,” Albert wrote to his beloved.

Patent Office Einstein worked at the Patent Office from July 1902 to October 1909, primarily as a peer reviewer of invention applications. In 1903 he became a permanent employee of the Bureau. The nature of the work allowed Einstein to devote his free time to research in the field of theoretical physics. On January 6, 1903, Einstein married twenty-seven-year-old Mileva Marich. They had three children.

The year 1905 entered the history of physics as the "Year of Miracles". This year, the Annals of Physics, Germany's leading physics journal, published three of Einstein's outstanding papers that launched a new scientific revolution: 1. "On the Electrodynamics of Moving Bodies". The theory of relativity begins with this article. 2. "On one heuristic point of view concerning the origin and transformation of light." One of the works that laid the foundation of quantum theory. 3. "On the motion of particles suspended in a fluid at rest, required by the molecular-kinetic theory of heat" - a work devoted to Brownian motion and significantly advancing statistical physics. year of miracles

Einstein was a professor at the Universities of Zurich, Prague, Berlin, and the Princeton Institute for Fundamental Research. “If the theory of relativity is confirmed, then the Germans will say that I am a German, and the French that I am a citizen of the world; but if my theory is refuted, the French will declare me a German, and the Germans a Jew.

World recognition Prior to Einstein in physics there were no such concepts as deformed space and time. All planets, Einstein believed, cause the curvature of space. Therefore, light rays, bending around this curvature, must be deflected. Lacked only practical confirmation. The difficulty was that the necessary observations were possible only during a total solar eclipse. A suitable opportunity presented itself in 1919. Photographs taken by astronomer Arthur Eddington became evidence of Einstein's theory. So the scientist gained worldwide recognition.

The great physicist was an enthusiastic, slightly distracted and dreamy person; by today's standards - "mad scientists". He did not become an encyclopedist - the physicist's humanitarian interests were limited to philosophy alone, but in the technical field his mind could work in any direction: from the formulas of card tricks to the construction of refrigerators.

The famous picture was taken on the scientist's 72nd birthday. He was tired of posing and, in response to the request of photographer Arthur Sasse to smile, showed him his tongue.

Albert and Music Einstein played the violin well. In 1907-1908. in Bern there was an amateur quintet that performed Mozart, Haydn, Beethoven. The quintet consisted of a lawyer, a mathematician, a bookbinder, a prison guard... and a physicist! It was Albert Einstein.

Who makes discoveries. Einstein was once asked how discoveries are made. - Very simple. Everyone knows that this is impossible. By chance there is one ignoramus who does not know this. It is he who makes the discovery, - the scientist replied.

I'm sorry about the hat. Once Einstein was visiting friends. As he was about to leave, it began to rain, and he was offered a hat. - Why? - said Einstein. - After all, it dries longer than hair. It is obvious.

Easy to remember. The young lady insistently asked Einstein to call her on the phone. - My phone number is easy to remember, - she assured. -36-361-144. Remember? Repeat. - I remember, - said Einstein. - Three dozen, 19 and 12 squared ...

Profession-queen. Once Einstein, listening to the Belgian queen playing the violin, said to her: - You play beautifully, your majesty. You absolutely do not need the profession of a queen.

One day, Einstein was walking down the corridor of Princeton, and towards him was a young and very untalented physicist. Coming up with Eintein, he familiarly slapped him on the shoulder and asked patronizingly: - Well, how are you, colleague? - Colleague? Einstein asked in surprise. - Do you also suffer from rheumatism? Colleagues.

Do you know the theory of relativity. Albert Einstein's wife was asked: - Do you know Einstein's theory of relativity? “Not really,” she admitted. - But no one in the world knows Einstein better than me.

Arithmetic. Once, having entered the Berlin tram, Einstein, out of habit, went deep into reading. Then, without looking at the conductor, he took out of his pocket the money calculated in advance for the ticket. - There is not enough here - said the conductor. - It can't be, - answered the scientist, not looking up from the book - And I'm telling you - not enough. Einstein shook his head again, saying that this could not be. The conductor was indignant: - Then consider, here - 15 pfennigs. So five more are missing. Einstein rummaged around in his pocket and indeed found the right coin. He felt embarrassed, but the conductor, smiling, said: - Nothing, grandfather, you just need to learn arithmetic.

Away. When Einstein was visiting the Curies, he noticed, sitting in the living room, that no one sat in the chairs next to him. Then he turned to the owner of Joliot-Curie: - Sit beside me, Frederic! Otherwise it seems to me that I am present at a meeting of the Prussian Academy of Sciences.

Edison. Edison once complained to Einstein that he couldn't find an assistant. Einstein asked how he determined their suitability. In response, Edison showed him several sheets of questions. Einstein began to read them: - How many miles from New York to Chicago? - and answered - It is necessary to look into the railway directory. He read the following question: - What is stainless steel made of? - and answered - This can be found in the reference book on metallurgy. Quickly reviewing the rest of the questions, Einstein put down the sheets and said: - Without waiting for a refusal, I withdraw my candidacy myself.

About discoveries. One day in a lecture, Einstein was asked how great discoveries are made. He thought for a while and answered: - Let's assume that everyone knows about something, that it can't be done. However, there is one ignoramus who does not know this. He makes a discovery.

Wife. Einstein's wife was asked what she thought of her husband. She replied: - My husband is a genius! He knows how to do absolutely everything except money!

Time and eternity. American journalist Mrs. Thompson interviewed Einstein: - What, in your opinion, is the difference between time and eternity? - My child, if I had time to explain this difference to you, it would be an eternity before you understood it.

I'm too crazy not to be a genius. Only those who make absurd attempts can achieve the impossible. I do not know what kind of weapons the third world war will be fought with, but the fourth will be fought with sticks and stones. The question that baffles me: am I crazy or is everyone around me? It makes no sense to keep doing the same thing and expect different results. The only reason for the existence of time is so that everything does not happen at the same time. Opportunity lurks in the midst of hardships and problems. Education is what remains after everything learned in school is forgotten.

Statement 1. A person who has never made a mistake has never tried something new Most people do not try anything new for fear of making a mistake. But this is not to be feared. Often a person who has been defeated learns more about how to win than someone who immediately succeeds. 2. Education is what remains after you forget everything that was taught in school. In 30 years, you will absolutely forget everything that you had to learn in school. Remember only what you have learned yourself. 3. In my imagination, I am free to draw as an artist. Imagination is more important than knowledge. Knowledge is limited. Imagination covers the whole world. When you realize how far humanity has come since the cave days, the power of the imagination is felt in full force. What we have in the future will be built with our imagination.

4. The secret of creativity lies in the ability to hide the sources of your inspiration. The uniqueness of your creativity often depends on how well you can hide your sources. You may be inspired by other great people, but if you are in a position where the whole world is watching you, your ideas should look unique. 5. The value of a person should be determined by what he gives, and not by what he is able to achieve. Try to become not successful, but a valuable person. If you look at world famous people, you can see that each of them gave something to this world. You have to give in order to be able to take. When your goal is to add value to the world, you will rise to the next level of life. 6. There are 2 ways to live: you can live as if there are no miracles and you can live as if everything in this world is a miracle. If you live as if nothing in this world is a miracle, then you will be able to desire whatever you want and there will be no obstacles for you. If you live as if everything is a miracle, then you will be able to enjoy even the smallest manifestations of beauty in this world. If you live in 2 ways at the same time, then your life will be happy and productive.

7. When I study myself and my way of thinking, I come to the conclusion that the gift of imagination and fantasy meant more to me than any ability to think abstractly. Dreaming of everything you could achieve in life is an important element of a positive life. Let your imagination run wild and create the world you want to live in. 8. To become an impeccable member of the flock of sheep, you must first of all be a sheep. If you want to become a successful entrepreneur, you need to start doing business right now. Wanting to start but fearing the consequences will get you nowhere. This is true in other areas of life too: in order to win, you first need to play. 9. You need to learn the rules of the game. And then, you need to start playing the best. Learn the rules and play your best. Simple, like all great things. 10. It is very important not to stop asking questions. Curiosity is not randomly given to man. Smart people always ask questions. Ask yourself and other people to find a solution. This will allow you to learn new things and analyze your own growth.

Albert's aphorisms In the late 1940s, Einstein wrote in his note on a one-world government: "I don't know with what weapons the Third World War will be fought, but in the Fourth we will fight with sticks and stones." While working in Prague, Einstein responded to the anti-Semitism of the locals with scathing anecdotes. His favorite was this: “Two professors see that the street sign over the sidewalk is lopsided and is about to fall off. “Nothing,” one of them says. “Let’s hope it falls on the head of some Czech.” In response to one schoolgirl's complaints about her math problems, the scholar replied, “Don't worry. Believe me, my difficulties are even greater than yours. Einstein's aphorism is well-known, which he invented in response to a journalist's question about the difference between time and eternity: "If I had time to explain the difference between these concepts, then an eternity would pass before you would understand it."

Charlie and Albert In 1931, during a visit to America, the Einsteins met the actor Charlie Chaplin. The scientist was a big fan of the brilliant comedian. At the premiere of City Lights, Chaplin told Einstein: “They applaud me because everyone understands me. You - because no one understands you.

Monroe and Albert Monroe and Albert are America's idols of the 1950s. If Monroe was a symbol of beauty, then Einstein was considered the standard of genius. This joke was very popular at the time. Albert Einstein and Marilyn Monroe met at a social gathering. “If we had a child,” the actress turned to the scientist, “he would inherit my beauty and your mind. It would be fantastic". “And if he turns out to be handsome, like me, and smart, like you?” Einstein chuckled.

Introduction The real dream does not come true. “If a person’s ability to dream is taken away, then one of the most powerful incentives that give rise to culture, art, science) and the desire to fight for the sake of a beautiful future will disappear.” Paustovsky K. G. Albert Einstein - a philosopher, proved quite a few hypotheses, explained the laws, gave people goals, but with all this, his main dream did not come true. The purpose of my work is to tell about a great man, to explain the significance of Einstein's research not only for science, but in general for humanity. The tasks are to prove the laws both theoretically and practically. The information is obtained from famous physicists of the planet, in the program about Albert Einstein, from books on astronomy and quantum physics.

Albert Einstein was born on March 14, 1879 in the southern German city of Ulm, into a poor Jewish family. Albert Einstein received his primary education at a local Catholic school. When I began to study at the gymnasium, the grades in all subjects were unsatisfactory (except for mathematics). He often got into arguments with teachers, from childhood he was a rebel, but at the same time he read a lot of scientific literature and had the right to prove his point of view (the teachers had hatred, most likely out of envy, as it always happens with smart children). Childish thoughts

His interest in science aroused an ordinary compass, which his father showed him at the age of 5, Albert (about himself): “The fact that this arrow behaved so definitely did not fit the kind of phenomena that could find a place in my unconscious the world of concepts. I remember even now - or it seems to me that I remember - that this incident made a deep impression on me. There must be something else behind things, deeply hidden.” This was the beginning of his first research.

Discovery Time In 1900, Einstein graduated from the Polytechnic with a degree in mathematics and physics. He passed the exams successfully, but not brilliantly. Many professors highly appreciated the abilities of the student Einstein, but no one wanted to help him continue his scientific career. Einstein himself later recalled: "I was bullied by my professors, who did not like me because of my independence and closed my path to science." In 1901, Einstein received Swiss citizenship, but until the spring of 1902 he could not find a permanent job even as a school teacher. Due to the lack of earnings, he literally starved, not taking food for several days in a row. This caused liver disease, from which the scientist suffered until the end of his life. In 1901, the Annals of Physics (the leading German physics journal) published his first article, “Consequences of the Theory of Capillarity”, devoted to the analysis of the forces of attraction between the atoms of liquids based on the theory of capillarity. Capillarity

The year 1905 entered the history of physics as the "Year of Miracles". This year the Annals of Physics published three of Einstein's outstanding papers that marked the beginning of a new scientific revolution: 1 On the Electrodynamics of Moving Bodies. The theory of relativity begins with this article. 2 “On one heuristic point of view concerning the origin and transformation of light. One of the works that laid the foundation of quantum theory. (The photoelectric effect, for which Albert was nominated for a Nobel Prize, discovered it together with his first wife Mileva Marich) 3 “On the motion of particles suspended in a fluid at rest, required by the molecular-kinetic theory of heat” work, dedicated to Brownian motion and significantly advanced statistical physics.

Photoelectric effect The photoelectric effect is the emission of electrons by a substance when exposed to light. In condensed substances (solid and liquid), external and internal photoelectric effects are distinguished. external internal Laws of the photoelectric effect: Formulation of the 1st law of the photoelectric effect: the number of electrons pulled out by light from the surface of a metal per unit time at a given frequency is directly proportional to the intensity of light. According to the 2nd law of the photoelectric effect, the maximum kinetic energy of electrons ejected by light will increase linearly with the frequency of light and does not depend on its intensity. 3rd law of the photoelectric effect: for each substance there is a red border of the photoelectric effect, that is, the minimum frequency of light ν 0 (or the maximum wavelength λ 0) at which the photoelectric effect is still possible, and if ν

Einstein's formula for the photoelectric effect: hν \u003d A out + W e, where W e is the maximum kinetic energy that an electron can have when it leaves the metal, A out is the so-called. work function (minimum energy required to remove an electron from a substance), ν is the frequency of an incident photon with energy hν, h is Planck's constant. Completely refuted the judgment of scientists that there is an ether!!!

SRT Special relativity: relationship between energy and mass: E=m. A theory that describes movement, the laws of mechanics, and space-time relationships at speeds of movement close to the speed of light. The generalization of SRT for gravitational fields is called the general theory of relativity.

General relativity General relativity is a geometric theory of gravitation that develops the special theory of relativity (SRT), published by Albert Einstein in the years. The theory that turned the idea of gravity upside down. She put forward 2 things: 1. That Newton's laws are not correct (but they can be used in everyday life) and 2. The relativistic theory of relativity. Relativistic

In what Newton was wrong, GR proves to us that bodies with large masses are not attracted by arcs to each other, and a body with a smaller mass falls into a funnel created by the magnetic field of a more massive body. And also GR proves that space is not 3-dimensional, but 4-dimensional, meaning that time is not flat, and does not go in one direction, but changes, more precisely, that the speed is not a changeable value, the current time changes, because time changes metric and curvature.

Newton believed the current in gravity, believing that it propagates at the highest speed, and Einstein believed in the irresistible speed of light (in my opinion there is a speed higher than the speed of light). If we talk about speeds, then we can give an example: if the sun disappears, then first of all darkness will come on the earth in 8 minutes, and after 18 minutes the gravitational wave will take the earth out of its orbit.

Last years The last years of his life he lived in the city of Princeton USA, in his last years he tried to fulfill his important dream, he dreamed of linking gravity and electromagnetic forces together, but all his efforts were in vain, to unite chaos (quantum world) and order (universe) although absurd, scientists are still trying to continue Einstein's work. They believe that this is possible, but as mathematicians say: “trying to combine these forces is the same as solving a mathematical anomaly in which there is no answer, but physics is mysterious and not studied, maybe even that mathematics will bow before it, but the current in its own time, but for now ... ”In his old age, Albert no longer remembered elementary things, such as his address or telephone number. He died on April 18, 1955, some believe that he was able to bind these forces, in the last moments of his life. There are many myths about his work, that there was knowledge dangerous for humanity and that he burned it, but there is no evidence for this yet.

About 60 Einstein nominations are preserved in the archives of the Nobel Committee in connection with the formulation of the theory of relativity; his candidacy was invariably put forward every year from 1910 to 1922 (except for 1915 and 1915). However, the prize was awarded only in 1922 for the theory of the photoelectric effect, which seemed to the members of the Nobel Committee a more undeniable contribution to science. As a result of this nomination, Einstein received the (previously postponed) 1921 Prize at the same time as Niels Bohr, who was awarded the 1922 Prize. Einstein has received honorary doctorates from numerous universities, including: Geneva, Zurich, Rostock, Madrid, Brussels, Buenos Aires, London, Oxford, Cambridge, Glasgow, Leeds, Manchester, Harvard, Princeton, New York (Albany) , Sorbonne.

Some of Einstein's aphorisms: The eternally unknowable in the world is that in it that seems understandable to us. Imagination is more important than knowledge. Knowledge is limited, while imagination embraces the whole world, stimulating progress, generating evolution. Order is necessary for fools, while genius rules over chaos. There is only one path to greatness, and that path is through suffering. Before God, we are all equally smart, or rather, equally stupid. Make it as simple as possible, but not simpler. Only two things are infinite: the universe and human stupidity, but I'm not sure about the first. I never think about the future, it comes by itself soon enough.

Conclusion Albert Einstein discovered laws that are unimaginable to the human mind. He made the greatest contribution to science than any of the existing scientists. All its laws are used by people in all spheres of life. If not for him, physics would be completely different.

The relativistic theory of relativity Firstly, it proves that an explosion could not occur at one point in space, it should have occurred simultaneously at all points (a refutation of the big bang theory). Secondly, it contributed to a more accurate understanding of black holes, i.e. proved that black holes are not portals to other worlds or, as some people think, that they are a mystical force, but this is just a space in which the usual laws of physics do not work. This is proved by the observation of scientists, in the center of galaxies, stars move at speeds of more than km / h, which means that they are affected by a force that is the only current in space - gravity near a black hole. holes

External photoelectric effect: The external photoelectric effect (photoelectron emission) is the emission of electrons by a substance under the action of electromagnetic radiation. Electrons escaping from a substance during an external photoelectric effect are called photoelectrons, and the electric current generated by them during ordered movement in an external electric field is called photocurrent.

Internal photoelectric effect The internal photoelectric effect is the redistribution of electrons over energy states in solid and liquid semiconductors and dielectrics, which occurs under the action of radiation. It manifests itself in a change in the concentration of charge carriers in the medium and leads to the appearance of photoconductivity or valve photoelectric effect. Photoconductivity is an increase in the electrical conductivity of a substance under the action of radiation.

Capillarity Capillarity (from Latin capillaris hair), the capillary effect is a physical phenomenon, which consists in the ability of liquids to change the level in tubes, narrow channels of arbitrary shape, porous bodies. The rise of the liquid occurs when the channels are wetted with liquids, for example, water in glass tubes, sand, soil, etc. The decrease in the liquid occurs in tubes and channels that are not wetted by the liquid, for example: mercury in a glass tube.

ALBERT EINSTEIN v Albert Einstein was born on March 14, 1879 in the small Austrian town of Ulm. When the boy was one year old, his parents Herman and Paulina Einstein moved to Munich. Herman entered into the business of his younger brother Jakob and became a co-owner of a company for the production and repair of electrical appliances. Things were going well, and the family lived in a luxurious two-story villa.

v At the age of seven, Albert was sent to a public school. His sister recalls that he was considered only “moderately capable,” as he was very slow in assimilating and digesting new information: “His mathematical talents were not yet noticed at that time; he did not shine even in arithmetic, that is, he could make mistakes in calculations and did them not too quickly, although he had logical abilities and perseverance.

v But already at the age of seven, he begins to show promise. In August 1886, Paulina wrote to her mother, Einstein's grandmother, that he had again received the best certificate in the class. Paulina's statement that her little Albert would be a famous professor became an integral part of the family tradition.

v The years of his studies at the Luitpold Gymnasium, where he was sent at the age of nine and a half, Einstein recalled bitterly: “I was ready to endure any punishment, so as not to memorize incoherent nonsense,” he later recalls. v Having finished six classes, he lived in Milan until the autumn of 1895 and studied independently.

v In the autumn of 1895, he came to Switzerland to enter the Higher Technical School in Zurich, the Polytechnic - that was the short name of this educational institution. But before entering here, he had to finish the last class of the cantonal school in Aarau.

v In October 1896, Einstein was finally admitted to the polytechnic school to the teacher's department. Studying in Aarau is the happiest period in Einstein's life, he describes the town as "an unforgettable oasis in the oasis that Switzerland is for Europe" . Professor Winteler. like Einstein's father, he turned out to be a very kind, easy-going and easy-to-communicate person.

v In his first year at the Polytechnic, Einstein worked diligently in the physics laboratory, "fascinated by direct contact with experience." In addition to his interest in theoretical physics, in his student years, Einstein was interested in geology, cultural history, economics, and literary criticism. And he continued to educate himself. . . The works of Helmholtz appear on his desk. Hertz and even Darwin.

v In the summer of 1900, Albert graduated from the Polytechnic with average grades and received a diploma as a teacher of physics and mathematics, and in 1901 - Swiss citizenship. Einstein was not accepted into the Swiss army, as he was found to have flat feet and dilated veins. v From the moment he graduated from the Polytechnic in 1900 until the spring of 1902, Albert could not find a permanent job. Things were getting worse. He once said that, apparently, he would soon have to walk the streets with a violin in order to earn a piece of bread.

v During these difficult years, Einstein wrote the article "Consequences of the Theory of Capillarity", it was published in 1901 in the Berlin Annals of Physics. The article discussed the forces of attraction between the atoms of liquids. v Finally, on the recommendation of his friend, the mathematician M. Grossman, Einstein was hired as a third-class examiner with an annual salary of 3,500 francs at the federal patent office in Bern. There he worked for more than seven years - from July 1902 to October 1909. Easy work and a simple way of life allowed Einstein during these years to become the greatest theoretical physicist. After work, he had enough time to do his own research.

v Six months after getting a job at the patent office, Albert Einstein married Mileva Marich. He settled with her in Bern. The Einsteins rented the top floor of a grocer's house. In May 1904, the firstborn appeared in the family, named Hans Albert. v In 1904, he completed and sent to the journal "Annals of Physics" articles devoted to the study of issues of statistical mechanics and the molecular theory of heat. In 1905 these articles were published. As the famous physicist Louis de Broglie put it, these works were like sparkling rockets, illuminating the darkness of the night, revealing to us the endless and unknown expanses of the Universe.

v The scientist was able to explain the Brownian motion of molecules and concluded that it is possible to calculate the mass and number of molecules in a given volume. A few years later, this discovery was repeated by the French physicist J. Perron, who received the Nobel Prize for it.

v The second paper offered an explanation for the photoelectric effect. “Experiments have shown that rays of light, falling on the surface of some metals, knock out electrons from there, they write in their book about the scientist P. Carter and R. Highfield. It seemed surprising that the speed with which electrons leave the surface does not depend on the degree of illumination, but on the color of the rays. For example, under the influence of the brightest red light, electrons flew out at a lower speed than under the influence of dim blue. This fact defied any explanation until Einstein put forward the hypothesis that a beam of light carries energy in the form of tiny particles, which he called quanta of light energy. When the light intensity increased, more quanta fell on the metal surface and, accordingly, more electrons were knocked out of it. But the speed with which they broke away from the surface increased only when the energy quanta themselves became larger, that is, when the frequency of the light radiation increased, and it became closer in color to the blue part of the spectrum. According to Einstein, there is a lower threshold for the frequency of radiation, that is, a lower limit on the magnitude of quanta that are capable of knocking out electrons from the surface of a metal. If the size of the quanta is less than this threshold number, the electrons will not be able to break away from the metal surface at all. . .

v He confronted science with a famous paradox: light had both wave and particle properties. It was for this work that Einstein belatedly received the Nobel Prize in 1922, but the aforementioned contradiction continued to torment him throughout his life. Already at the end of his life, he wrote to Besso that he still did not have a clear idea of what a quantum of light is. “Today, every student thinks he understands this,” Einstein wrote. “But he is wrong.”

v The third and most remarkable work of Albert, was devoted to the creation of the special theory of relativity. The scientist came to the conclusion that no material object can move faster than light. Based on this, he came to the conclusion that the mass of a body depends on the speed of its movement and is a “frozen energy”, with which it is associated with the well-known formula - mass times the square of the speed of light.

v After the publication of these papers, Einstein received general recognition. In the spring of 1909, Einstein was appointed Extraordinary Professor of Theoretical Physics at the University of Zurich. v On July 28, 1910, the second son, Eduard, was born to the Einsteins. At the beginning of 1911, the scientist was invited to take an independent chair at a German university in Prague. And in the summer of the following year, Einstein returned to Zurich and took the place of a professor at the Polytechnic, in the very one where he sat on the student bench.

v A new theory was born in the scientist's head. On June 25, 1913, he wrote to Mach: “These days you probably already received my new work on relativity and gravity, which was finally completed after endless efforts and painful doubts. Next year, during a solar eclipse, it should be clarified whether light rays are bent near the Sun, in other words, whether the main fundamental assumption about the equivalence of the acceleration of the reference frame, on the one hand, and the gravitational field, on the other, is really confirmed. If so, then your brilliant research on the fundamentals of mechanics will be brilliantly confirmed in spite of Planck's unfair criticism. Because from here it necessarily follows that the cause of inertia is a special kind of interaction of bodies - quite in the spirit of your reasoning about Newton's experiment with a bucket.

v In 1914, Einstein was invited to Germany to become a professor at the University of Berlin and at the same time director of the Kaiser Wilhelm Institute for Physics. World War I broke out that same year, but as a Swiss citizen, Einstein did not take part in it. v In 1915 in Berlin, the scientist completed his masterpiece - the general theory of relativity. It contained not only a generalization of the special theory of relativity, but also a new theory of gravitation. Einstein suggested that all bodies do not attract each other, as was believed since the time of Isaac Newton, but bend the surrounding space and time. It was such a revolutionary notion that many scientists considered Einstein's conclusion to be quackery.

v Among other phenomena, the deflection of light rays in a gravitational field was predicted, which was confirmed by British scientists during a solar eclipse in 1919. When the confirmation was officially announced, Einstein became world famous overnight. v In 1918, a few weeks after the armistice was signed, Einstein traveled to Switzerland. During his visit, he annulled his marriage to Mileva Marić.

v “In the divorce, the most sensitive issue was settling financial issues. . . With all the "irregular and unforeseen" payments to Mileva and children, Einstein, according to him, was in danger of wasting all his savings and not being able to provide for the future of his children, write P. Carter and R. Highfield. Einstein's trump card was the Nobel Prize in Physics. If the wife does not create obstacles to divorce, the money awarded to the Nobel laureate will go to her and fully ensure both her future and the future of the children. If not, she would receive nothing more than 6,000 Swiss francs a year, the amount that Einstein considered reasonable and possible to allocate to her. Offering Mileva Nobel money, Einstein did not want at all, as many believe, to note her contribution to the creation of the theory of relativity - he just wanted to get a divorce in a convenient way for himself. The cash equivalent of the bonus, paid in Swedish kronor, corresponded to the amount of 180,000 Swiss francs, and this currency was stable, in contrast to the declining German mark that Einstein had used for previous payments. But there was one problem: Einstein had not yet received the Nobel Prize. . .

v Einstein believed in himself so much that already in 1918 he had no doubt that he would become the owner of the Nobel Prize. Mileva had no such doubts either - and her faith in Einstein remained unshakable. Since 1910, when the scientist was first nominated for the Nobel Prize, his name did not appear on the list of candidates only twice, however, when the terms of the divorce were discussed, neither Einstein nor Mileva could guarantee that he would actually become the owner of the Nobel money. But both thought it was only a matter of time. Until it came, Einstein undertook to regularly pay Mileva certain amounts.

v After the divorce from his first wife, he continued to take care of her and his sons, the eldest of whom was already graduating from the gymnasium in Zurich. When Einstein was awarded the Nobel Prize in November 1922, he gave his sons the entire amount received. And at the same time, he constantly took care of the two daughters of his second wife, Elsa. Elsa was Albert's maternal cousin and paternal second cousin. v P. Carter and R. Highfield write: “The Nobel Committee was conservative and did not want to award a prize for the theory of relativity: it was still controversial and was not sufficiently confirmed by experimental data. Einstein did not become a Nobel laureate very soon, only in 1922. He won the prize, which was not awarded in 1921, and he did not receive it for the theory of relativity. Ironically, he received it for the discovery of the laws of the photoelectric effect, that is, for the theory, the conclusions from which, later drawn by other scientists, irritated him for the rest of his life.

v On June 2, 1919, Elsa and Albert Einstein got married. Even earlier, Elsa's daughters officially adopted the surname Einstein. Albert Einstein moved into his new wife's apartment. In 1920, Einstein wrote to Besso that he was "in good shape and in excellent spirits." v Despite the fact that Einstein was recognized as one of the greatest physicists in the world, he was persecuted in Germany because of his anti-militarist views and revolutionary physical theories. The scientist lived in Germany until 1933. There, he gradually became a target of hatred. After Hitler came to power, Einstein left the country and moved to the United States, where he began working at the Institute for Basic Physics Research in Princeton.

v On August 2, 1939, Einstein wrote a letter to US President Franklin Roosevelt to warn Nazi Germany of the possibility of using atomic weapons. He wrote that research on the fission of uranium could lead to the creation of weapons of enormous destructive power. v Later, the scientist regretted this letter. Einstein condemned American "atomic diplomacy", which consisted in the US monopoly in the field of atomic weapons. He criticized the United States government for that. that it was trying to blackmail other countries.

v Shortly before his death, Einstein became one of the initiators of the appeal of the world's leading scientists, addressed to the governments of all countries, with a warning about the dangers of using the hydrogen bomb. This proclamation was the beginning of a movement that united the most prominent scientists in the struggle for peace, which was called Pugwash. After Einstein's death, it was headed by the greatest English philosopher and physicist B. Russell. v On April 18, 1955, at 1:25 a.m., Einstein died. There were no speeches, the ashes of the scientist were set on fire in the Ewing Simteri crematorium, the ashes were scattered to the wind.

I was bullied by my professors, who did not like me because of my independence and closed my path to science ...

Biography

Albert Einstein was born on March 14, 1879 in the southern German city of Ulm, into a poor Jewish family.

Albert Einstein received his primary education at a local Catholic school.

Einstein graduated from the Polytechnic in 1900 with a degree in mathematics and physics.

On January 6, 1903, Einstein married twenty-seven-year-old Mileva Marich. They had three children.

Photos

Einstein at 14

Mileva Marić

Einstein at the patent office

Scientific activity.

Special Relativity (1905).

The law of interrelation of mass and energy: E = mc 2 .

General theory of relativity(1907-1916).

Quantum theory of photoelectric effect and heat capacity.

Scientific activity.

Bose-Einstein quantum statistics.

Statistical theory of Brownian motion, which laid the foundations for the theory of fluctuations.

Theory of stimulated emission.

The theory of light scattering on thermodynamic fluctuations in a medium.

Scientific activity

He also predicted "quantum teleportation" and the gyromagnetic Einstein-de Haas effect. Since 1933 he worked on problems of cosmology and unified field theory. Actively opposed the war, against the use of nuclear weapons, for humanism, respect for human rights, mutual understanding between peoples.

Einstein played a decisive role in the popularization and introduction of new physical concepts and theories into scientific circulation. First of all, this refers to the revision of the understanding of the physical essence of space and time and to the construction of a new theory of gravity to replace the Newtonian one. Einstein also, along with Planck, laid the foundations of quantum theory. These concepts, repeatedly confirmed by experiments, form the foundation of modern physics.

Awards and prizes

Nobel Prize in Physics (1921): "For services to theoretical physics and especially for explaining the law of the photoelectric effect."

Copley Medal.

Planck medal.

The scientist who turned mankind's ideas about the Universe upside down, Albert Einstein died on April 18, 1955 at 1:25 a.m., in Princeton from an aortic aneurysm.

Before his death, he spoke a few words in German, but the American nurse was unable to reproduce them later. Not perceiving any form of personality cult, he forbade a magnificent burial with loud ceremonies, for which he wished that the place and time of the burial were not disclosed. On April 19, 1955, the funeral of the great scientist took place without wide publicity, at which only 12 of his closest friends were present. His body was burned in the Ewing Cemetery crematorium and the ashes scattered to the wind.